On December 23, 1947, at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, three scientists-Dr. Bardeen, Dr. Brighton, and Dr. Shockley-were conducting experiments with intense yet methodical focus. They were amplifying sound signals using semiconductor crystals within a conductive circuit. To their astonishment, they discovered that a tiny current flowing through one part of their invented device could control a much larger current flowing through another part, thus producing an amplification effect. This device was the transistor, a groundbreaking achievement in the history of science. Because it was invented on the eve of Christmas and had such a profound impact on people's future lives, it was called "a Christmas gift to the world." These three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
New research has found that depositing a layer of corresponding material on the substrate outside the electron exit point of a transistor can form a semiconductor-cooled P-N structure. Because the electron energy levels of the N material are low and those of the P material are high, when electrons flow through, they need to absorb heat from the substrate, providing an excellent way to dissipate heat from the transistor core. Because the heat dissipated is directly proportional to the current, this technology is figuratively called "electronic blood" cooling. Depending on the polarity of the added material, the new cooling transistors are called N-PNP or NPN-P.
The transistor brought about and facilitated the "solid-state revolution," which in turn propelled the global semiconductor electronics industry. As a key component, it was first and foremost applied in communication tools, generating enormous economic benefits. Because the transistor fundamentally changed the structure of electronic circuits, integrated circuits and large-scale integrated circuits emerged, making the manufacture of high-precision devices such as high-speed electronic computers a reality.
